Those familiar with the International Harvester brand would likely refer to this as just ‘Cub’. A small Tractor it might be, but to smallholder farmers of its day, and even for some in modern times there’s a lot more to this machine than you might think. What is a Farmall Cub? The smallest Tractor manufactured by International between 1947 and 1981. With 9.3 HP and changeable implements for a variety of tasks. Made by International Harvester, under the McCormick-Deering, International or Farmall Name. Long discontinued but a favorite among enthusiasts and smallholder farmers Why Cub International was Manufactured At the point when International Harvester was in a full mass production swing, there was still a market that wasn’t being serviced as well as it could. Most of the range was aimed at the large acreage farms, those dealing with large output and requiring heavy lift machinery. Which of course is understandable as that’s where the money was seen to be. However, even after WWII, many of the small farm holders were still lagging behind. They were still using horse-drawn means of farming. Why? They simply didn't need the size and power of the larger tractors being produced by IH, Deere, and others, plus the costs to profits ratio didn’t make economic sense. So they just weren’t the target market. Even one of Deere’s smaller tractors, the GM model wasn’t fully taken into the fold by the marketplace. This is where Harvester International seized a gap in the market. The first Standard Cub rolling off the assembly lines in 1947 opened up an entirely new small-to-medium sized market - and IH had stolen the lead. The smaller size (and presumably smaller price) compared to the likes of the GM model made all the difference to an as yet, largely untapped market segment. What a Cub Tractor Would be used for So who would this compact and affordable new tractor model appeal to? The Cub Standard and International were ideal tractors for the small or medium acreage farmers, local supply farmers, truck farms and horse farms, with fewer and smaller fields and smaller production quantities. International Harvester was looking to catch the ‘Single Mule’ farmers that were widespread in America’s deep south - and they did. But little did they know that larger farms would also place orders for the tractors, which provided an ideal second vehicle for taking on the smaller tasks around farms. The Cub tractor thrived within a market where the tractor could economically take the place of horse-driven means and still work to farm budgets. Of course, now, every farmer wanted to own a tractor, a red Tractor - and they could! 1947 Farmall Cub Tractor - Kansas Image source: https://www.purplewave.com/auction/151021/item/J3650/1947-Farmall-Cub-Ag_Tractor-Tractor-Kansas Types of Cub Tractors Manufactured The Cub Tractor came in three original models. However, there were two main variations, the third (New International) being an upgraded model of the International Cub. Farmall Cub - ‘Standard Cub’ - Manufactured up to 1964 International Cub - ‘lo boy’ Manufactured up to 1975 New International Cub - ‘154 lo boy’ Manufactured up to 1979 The International Harvester C60 was a 4 cylinder Gasoline-Fueled and liquid cooled tractor, with a mere 69-inch wheelbase and simple mechanics. It also provided easy access to all areas aided by a high ground lift. One defining feature of the Cub was the greater visibility afforded to the driver. By offsetting the driver's seat to the left, and the steering wheel to the right, in a concept called ‘Cultivision’, the driver was provided with a much clearer view whilst working along a field line. Here’s a quick rundown of the models... 1947 Farmall Cub - ‘Standard Cub’ The first in the range went to market in 1947 and was an instant hit. Harvester International had stolen the march on this new market for small to medium farmers and operators and a long run in tractor history was set in motion. 1957 International - ‘Cub Lo-Boy’ From 1955 the Cub Lo-Boy was rolling off the production lines. Main differences included a lowering of the Standard Cub. Changes to the model were made to increase the maneuverability of the Cub, so that it had a tighter turning circle for mowing, and lowering the centre of gravity to help prevent any tilt. So, the housings for the rear axle were rotated which enabled the Cub to be lowered by around 7 or 8 inches - without compromising too much on the ground lift but provided better stability. The front axle extensions were also lowered, as well as shortening the tractor’s wheelbase down to 62 ½ inches. This version of the lo-boy was succeeded in 1969 by the introduction of the 154 Lo-Boy which adopted the same body style akin to the Cub Cadet Garden Tractor at that time. Incidentally, the Cub Cadet garden Tractor is still available today… a much more modern version of course! 1977 New International - ‘184 Lo-Boy’ The New International was an overhaul of the design, but much of which was unnoticeable. It provided HI the opportunity to use lighter better materials, make some changes and general improvements to the existing models. Improvements were made to power variations too, all of which resulted in the 185 and 184 Lo-Boy models 1955 The Super Cub - ‘French Cub’ The designers didn’t stop there, Harvester International also had an international presence from 1955, with a factory in St Dizier in France. Production there ended in 1964, but in that time from here they produced the Super Cub, affectionately called the ‘French Cub’ - for obvious reasons! The ‘French Cub’ boasted a more powerful engine and it’s also believed that some of these were built in the Louisville factory too. Cub Tractor General Specifications For the tractor nerds among us, here are a few of the specifications of the Standard Cub. The chassis sat on a 69¼ inch wheelbase, powered by a 4-cylinder, C-60 gasoline L-head engine. The Head housed a 2⅝ inch bore by 2¾ inch stroke, with a displacement of 59.5 cubic inches, running at 1600 rpm. The earlier versions of the Cub C-60 engine provided an adequate 9.25 horsepower (6.90 kW) output on the belt and around 8 horsepower (6.0 kW) at the drawbar. From the 1960s, the Cub’s engine began a steady increase in power output, with higher attained RPM's, until it peaked in 1975 at around 15 HP (11 kW) on the International Cub, and 154 Lo-Boy models, and around 18 HP (13 kW) on the 185 and 184 Lo-Boy models. Color Variations in Cub International Models Of course, the color was important too. Every farmer whether a large or small producer wanted to own a tractor. And not just any tractor... looking across to the next field along and seeing your neighboring farmers’ tractor color would tell you instantly what make of Tractor they had. Tractors became something of a status symbol among farmers - so the color mattered. This focus on color became a dominant point for International Harvester, changing the standard color for both the Cub Lo-Boy and Standard Cub in 1960, from the all too familiar International Harvester Red to the new Federal Yellow. Although they kept the International Harvester color Red as an alternative optional color. Then in 1963, IH made a further change, altering the grill to a flatter style, and dropping the Farmall name in favor of International. Serial number ranges from 99356 through to 106516 featured the white color tractors which were used as Demo Models. These white models were used for demonstration purposes at dealer fayres and gatherings and were intended to be painted IH Red by the dealers once they were sold. However, some of them were inadvertently sold as white. I can only imagine these are now much sought after models in the current vintage tractor market. Farmall Cub Attachments/Implements There were a few mainstay attachments available for the Cub, this in part, is what made it such a versatile option that would cater to many needs across a farmers’ duties. Here’s a quick list of the various attachments available for the Cub - for all models. 42 inch (106cm) Mower Deck - IH Danco C-2 Single Blade 60 (152cm) inch Mower Deck - Mid-Mounted IH Danco C-3 Triple Blade 54 inch (137cm) Blade - Mid-mounted IH Danco C-3 94 inch (238cm) Loader - International 1000 Bucket Width 36 inches (91cm) For enthusiasts, many of these attachments are still available today, many Cubs have been lovingly restored back to full use. Any attachments that prove difficult to find can be remade as custom built replicas. Here’s a youtube video of one such restoration project, complete with uplifting rock soundtrack music! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gClYgcGbvfI How to Identify The Year of Manufacture Every enthusiast will know this already I’m sure. But if you’re new to Cub Tractor ownership, or considering buying a Cub Tractor, then it’s a good idea to know the year it was produced. This can affect price and parts availability - as well as the cost of parts Each Cub was given an annual serial number, here’s a quick list of the serial numbers for each year. Select from the two model types below and scan the years to locate the serial number of your Cub Tractor The serial number can be located on the left side middle panel. Year of Cub Manufacture Serial Number Year of Cub Manufacture Serial Number 1947 501 1957 198231 1948 11348 1958 204389 1949 57381 1959 211441 1950 99536 1960 214974 1951 121454 1961 217382 1952 144455 1962 220038 1953 162284 1963 221383 1954 179412 1964 223453 1955 186441 FINAL 224703 1956 193658 International Cub Year Serial Number International Cub Year Serial Number 1964 224704 1974 242746 1965 225110 1975 246561 1966 227209 FINAL 248124 1967 229225 1975 248125 1968 231005 1976 248618 1969 232981 1977 250832 1970 234868 1978 252109 1971 236827 1979 253136 1972 238506 FINAL 253685 1973 240581 The End of the Cub Tractor Production The end of an Era spanning more than 30 years was defined by the last Cub model emerging from the production line in Louisville, Kentucky in 1981. Between the years 1947 to 1981 over 245,000 Cub Tractors were manufactured. The final production runs were made in Red as a final gesture and nod to the tractors long heritage. Alternative/Competitor Models to the Cub Tractor There were tractors on the market before the Cub came along, but they were mostly larger and didn’t have the appeal - or the price tag to match the Cub. But later some became major competitors and indeed still hold market share today. One such tractor was the first Rowcrop tractor made by Deere in 1929 modified from the GP tractor in order to compete with Farmall. It boasted a narrower front end and an adjustable rear axle track. In 1934 the Model B was introduced which was a third smaller than their Model A. This made it an ideal machine for smaller farms. A few years after that in 1937 along came the Model G. But they still didn’t quite have the nimble small size and perhaps the versatility of the Cub. Incidentally, Deere company very nearly went bankrupt in the Great Depression. Only a large order of tractors for the Soviet Union kept the company going Another unsurprising competitor was the Model WC, a tractor manufactured by Allis-Chalmers between 1933 and 1948. From the outset, the WC was designed as a high powered, maneuverable and low-cost row-crop tractor option. Final Thoughts The Cub was, without doubt, an icon of the tractor industry. It helped pave the way for a multitude of modern-day small utility vehicles and tractors which still, even now, cater for small farm tasks and even building sites. Arguably one of the most widely loved and popular tractors ever built. Not only are they still in action on many smallholdings to this very day, but the Cub has secured a permanent fixture in tractor history books, kept alive by the many enthusiasts that restore and display these stalwarts of the farming industry from the last mid-century. Lest we forget, Cub owners we commend you, keep those engines coming to tractor displays, and raise your 94-inch loaders in salute! I hope this article was helpful. It would be great to get your feedback on this, tell us your thoughts on the Cub Tractor and how you see it. Do you own one perhaps? Let us know in the comments below.
